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Plan for describing the branch of the economy of the oil industry. Oil industry of the world. Significance in the world economy

The oil industry is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It has a very strong influence on the entire world economy, and on world politics. In addition, oil is used not only as a source of energy, but also as an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Oil has been known to man since ancient times. And its use for lighting, heating, making medicines in ancient times was mentioned by Herodotus and Plutarch. However, commercial oil production actually began only in the middle of the 19th century, and simultaneously in the USA, Russia and Romania. But its products were again used only for lighting and less often for heating. And only at the beginning of the XX century. demand arose for gasoline, and then for diesel fuel, to which the navy began to switch, and then the merchant fleet. That is why world oil production began to increase quite rapidly, exceeding by the middle of the 20th century. 500 million tons. At the same time, the struggle of the great powers for the possession of oil resources intensified, most openly manifested during the years of the two world wars.
Turning to the analysis of world oil production, we restrict ourselves to the period of the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. (Fig. 31).
The first conclusion that follows from the analysis of this figure is that there has been a significant increase in world oil production, the volume of which has increased by more than 7.6 times over 56 years. Such growth is quite understandable. It is associated with a constant increase in demand for this type of PER, with the discovery of many new large and largest oil basins in virtually all parts of the world. Of course, one must also take into account the development of oil and gas areas of the continental shelf, which in 1950 produced less than 1/10 of all oil produced in the world, and now almost 1/3. For the United States, this figure is 30%, and it is expected that of the oil resources that can still be found on the territory of the country, more than half will be on the shelf. You can read more about "offshore oil" in the "Geographical Picture of the World".
The second conclusion from Fig. 31 also suggests itself - this growth was by no means uniform. At first he was really progressive, but then it became

The impact of the energy (oil) crisis of the mid-1970s, which led to a strong rise in the price of oil on the world market, can be seen. When the consequences of the crisis were overcome, relative stabilization set in, and only in the 1990s, production began to increase again, reaching a record high level in 2005. But, by the way, in 2006 it remained at the same level, and in 2007 it rose to 4.15 billion tons.
When studying the dynamics of world oil production, you should clearly understand how big the oil price policy, which is carried out by the countries - members of OPEC, as well as the largest oil transnational corporations, has on it. If you follow the media - print, radio, television, you could not help but pay attention to the fact that they all constantly report on how the price of oil changes on world markets, which is usually determined in dollars per barrel (159 k) and every competent economic geographer should know it.
Let me remind you that before the start of the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1973, a barrel of reference Arab oil cost only about $ 2. After the announcement

Western countries of the “oil war”, its price immediately jumped to 10-11 dollars, and by 1980 - up to 35 dollars. Then, under the influence of response measures taken by oil-importing countries, which were aimed primarily at reducing energy (oil) In terms of GDP, the price for 1 barrel dropped again to $13-14. In the 90s, it remained relatively stable at $15-20, but at the beginning of the 21st century. began to increase again, amounting to $28 per barrel in 2000, $38 in 2004, $53 in 2005, $68 in 2006, and almost $80 in 2007 , per barrel. At the end of the same year, it reached $100 per barrel. You understand that such a jump in prices is very beneficial for the OPEC countries, Mexico, Russia, as it increases the flow of petrodollars to these countries.
We have already said that no other industry is as closely connected with politics and international relations as the oil industry. And on the example of the dynamics of world oil production, which we are now considering, this thesis can also be proved. Use Fig. for this. 32, which shows which armed conflicts and aggravations of international relations were associated with oil price hikes. Let us add that the record of summer 2006 - $80 per barrel - is a reaction to yet another armed conflict between Israel and Lebanon. However, from Fig. It also follows from Table 32 that in some cases the root cause of an increase in oil prices may be a change in the economic situation or climatic conditions (especially warm winter 2006-2007). Let us add that by the end of 2007 the price of a barrel of oil rose to $90, and then to $100. One of the consequences of this was the increase in the price of gasoline at our filling stations. In the summer of 2008, it rose to $145, but by the end of the year, under the influence of the crisis, it dropped to $40.
Now let us turn to the question of the main features of the geography of world oil production. Perhaps its main feature lies in the very high proportion of the countries of the South. In turn, this share is usually judged by the OPEC member countries, which determine oil production quotas for themselves and try to regulate its supply to the world market. In 2005, the total oil production of the OPEC countries exceeded 1.6 billion tons per year, or about 42% of the world. But if we take into account that other countries of the South that are not members of OPEC (Mexico, Brazil, China, Angola, Egypt, etc.) also have large oil production, then the total share of the countries of the South will increase to 66% (compared to 19% in the countries North and 15% in countries with economies in transition).

But it was not always so. If we analyze Table. 15, showing oil production in major regions of the world, certain conclusions can be drawn.
Table 15
Distribution of oil production between major regions of the world in 1950-2005

Regions	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2005
USSR/CIS	40	150	350	/>605	570	395	575
Foreign Europe	18	30	35	150	230	330	265
Overseas Asia	95	295	770	1165	1150	1455	1570
Africa	2	15	290	270	330	375	467
North America	270	375	545	500	510	480	455
Latin America	110	195	270	290	360	520	538
Australia and Oceania	-	-	10	20	30	35	30 ‘

At the beginning of the period under review, the leader of the world oil industry was North America, which in 1950 accounted for more than 50% of the total production of this type of fuel. But already in 1970, its share halved, and then decreased even more, which is associated with the depletion (and reservation) of proven reserves in the context of a rapid increase in oil consumption. To complete the characterization of the Western Hemisphere, let us add that Latin America, which at first slightly lagged behind North America, continued to increase production, and at the beginning of the 21st century. managed to overtake her. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the former USSR attracts attention, where the main increase in production occurred in the 70-80s. In connection with the discovery and development of oil basins in Western Siberia. But in the crisis of the 1990s, oil production in the CIS countries dropped sharply, and only at the beginning of the 21st century. its new, and quite fast, growth was designated. In foreign Europe, the jump in oil production occurred in the 70-90s, which is primarily due to the discovery and development of the oil and gas basin of the North Sea; but at the beginning of the XXI century. production began to decline. In Africa, the turning point came as early as the 1960s, when the oil resources of Libya and Nigeria began to be developed, and production increased in Algeria, Egypt and some other countries. But - as in many other cases - (/i7i 39 50)
teas - the oil industry of foreign Asia developed most rapidly, which came out on top in terms of production in the early 60s. She retains this place to this day (Fig. 33).
Along with the regional, in this case, a subregional approach is also often used, highlighting the oil-rich countries of the Middle East or (without North Africa) Southwest Asia, and even more often the countries of the Persian Gulf.
When talking about the Gulf countries, they mean eight countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain and Oman), which together occupy 4.6 million square meters. km with a population of 125 million people.
You already have some idea about this group of countries. In Topic 4, we talked about the oil and gas basin of the Persian Gulf, which is tectonically connected to the Arabian Plateau and the Mesopotamian Foredeep, where sedimentary oil and gas deposits are up to 8 km thick and are especially distinguished by the presence of giant and unique deposits. This basin is distinguished both by the quality of oil (light and sweet), and by the flow rate of flowing oil wells, which is measured in thousands of tons per day, and by extremely low production costs (4-7 dollars per 1 ton, while in the USA - 60- 80 dollars), and the largest provision with oil resources. In Topic 5, we already touched on the issue of the 10 million immigrant workers in the Gulf countries who, in fact, extract oil here. And in topic 7, we already paid attention to the fact that the top ten countries with the highest share of industry in the structure of GDP include five countries of the Persian

Rice. 33. Share of individual regions in world oil production, 2005

gulf. They also noted the political instability of the countries of this group, which the United States included in the "zone of its vital interests."
To complete this description, it remains to add that in 2006 the total oil production in the eight countries of the Persian Gulf was at the level of almost 1200 million tons, amounting to more than 30% of the world. Consequently, this basin remains the largest in the world, largely determining the state and course of development of the entire oil industry, as well as oil geopolitics.
After considering the geography of world oil production by large regions, we turn to the characteristics of the oil-producing countries of the world. First of all, we note that if at the beginning of the 20th century. there were only 20 such countries, and in 1940 there were 40, then in 1970 there were already 60, in 1990 - 80, and today there are about 100. Of course, we will highlight only the most important of them. But this time we will not limit ourselves to the top five, but will name all the countries producing more than 100 million tons of oil per year (Table 16).
Table 16
Top oil producing countries in the world in 2007

It is easy to see that of the 12 countries included in Table. 16, 6 are members of OPEC, 3 represent economically developed countries of the West, 2 - key developing countries and 1 (Russia) - post-socialist countries.
I would especially like to note the rapid growth in oil production in Russia, which began at the beginning of the 21st century, as a result of which it managed to overtake Saudi Arabia and come out on top in the world. We note in passing that in Mexico - almost all, and in Venezuela and the United Arab Emirates - the main part of the production is provided by "offshore oil". In the future, its share may increase even more due to the transition to the development

deeper deposits of the continental shelf - primarily in the USA (Gulf of Mexico), Russia (Barents Sea).
In passing, we note one more new pattern of world oil production - as the number of producing countries increased, the share of leading countries began to decrease. So, in 2007, the share of the first three oil-producing countries accounted for 32.5% of the total production (in 1950 - 74%), the share of the first five countries - 41.5% (in 1950 - 85%), and ten first - 60% (in 1950 -94%).
So far, we have considered the size and geography of world oil production. Let us now recall that there are very large differences between the geography of production and the geography of consumption of this type of fuel. It has already been said above that the decisive role in world oil production belongs to developing countries (66%). However, their share in world consumption is much lower and amounts to 32% (and without China - 24%). The share of countries with economies in transition also turns out to be almost twice as low as in world production - only 8%. But the share of economically developed countries of the West, which accounts for only 19% of world production, increases by more than 3 times - up to 60%. This group also includes individual countries that stand out in terms of annual oil consumption: the United States (950 million tons, or 1/4 of the world), Japan (250), Germany (125), the Republic of Korea (105 million tons). Of the developing countries, only China (325 million tons - second place after the USA) and India (120 million tons) can be attributed to the group of leaders. And of the countries with economies in transition - only Russia (150 million tons). Characteristically, the OPEC member countries, which, as we have already noted, produce 42% of all oil, play the role of outsiders in its consumption (7%, which is comparable to the share of Japan alone).
Comparison of all these figures indicates the presence of a huge territorial gap between the main areas and countries of oil production and consumption, which, as you understand, is overcome with the help of foreign trade and international transportation.
Only in 1986-2006. the share of produced oil entering foreign trade channels increased from 45 to 56%, having already exceeded 2.2 billion tons in total volume. This number includes another 650 million tons of oil products.

These oil products are obtained at oil refineries (refineries), the total number of which in the world exceeds 600, and the capacity is 4 billion tons. During most of the 20th century. It was believed that it is more profitable to locate refineries in areas where oil fuel is consumed. Therefore, back in 1950, 3/4 of all world oil refining capacities were located in North America, and the rest were distributed among foreign Europe, the USSR and the Middle East. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, the opposite trend began to be more clearly seen - to refine crude oil in the areas of its production, and transport oil products, which is explained both by the interests of the industrialization of developing countries and by the desire of oil transnational corporations to reduce the impact of one of the "dirty" industries on the environment of their parent countries. Thus began the constant drift of oil refining from North to South and from West to East. Today, more than 40% of all refinery capacities are concentrated in developing countries, which have become major suppliers of not only crude oil, but also petroleum products. Of the individual regions of the world, North America (25%), foreign Europe (20%), but to an even greater extent foreign Asia (34%) stand out in terms of refinery capacity.
After all these clarifications, we can move on to a specific consideration of the international trade in oil and petroleum products. To do this, we first try to identify the main exporting countries and importing countries (Table 17).
Table 17
The main countries - exporters and importers of oil and oil products
in 2006*

*In which exports and imports are 100 million tons or more.
If we keep in mind that the total annual export of oil and oil products exceeds 2.2 billion tons, then it is not difficult to calculate that the seven main exporting countries provide it by 55%.

Topic 8. Geography of branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
As expected, they are dominated by developing countries - members of OPEC. Western countries in this list are represented only by Norway, and countries with economies in transition - by Russia. It can be added that Mexico, Kuwait, Canada, Angola, Libya and Kazakhstan also export from 50 to 100 million tons of oil annually. As for the share of exported oil in relation to total production, here the countries of the Persian Gulf are again, as they say, "ahead of the rest": in Iraq this share is 100%, in Iran and the United Arab Emirates - 80%, in Saudi Arabia - 75%, in Kuwait - 55%. This is why the Gulf countries make more than $150 billion a year from oil sales.
According to Table. 17, the list of the main importing countries for oil and oil products includes only economically developed countries with the addition of China and India. In addition, from 50 to 100 million tons are also imported annually by Italy, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Great Britain and Singapore. In most of them, the absolute size of oil imports has recently remained relatively stable, but there are two exceptions - the United States and China. If in the United States in 1950 imported oil accounted for only 9% of domestic consumption of this type of fuel, then in 1980 it was already 32%, and today it is 58%. China also lacks its oil and is increasing its imports. />After that, we can begin to consider an issue that is even more geographical in nature - about the main cargo flows of oil cargo. Within certain large regions of the world, these cargoes are transported mainly with the help of main oil pipelines, linking, for example, Russia with foreign Europe, Canada with the USA. And to overcome the territorial gap between regions, they use sea transportation, which is characterized by low cost.
However, the directions of such transportation have changed over time. Before the Second World War, the main sea cargo flows of oil were sent from North (USA) and Latin (Venezuela) America to Western Europe. Since the 50s of the XX century. Cargo flows from the Persian Gulf to Western Europe, Japan, and then to the USA constantly increased. There were also large cargo flows from Northern

Africa to Western Europe, from Western Africa to the USA and Western Europe, from Indonesia to Japan. In general, we can say that, to one degree or another, they all exist today (Fig. 34).
Based on this figure, you can easily identify the main sea “oil bridges”, with the help of which the territorial gap between the continents is overcome in the world oil industry: the Persian Gulf - Japan, China and the Republic of Korea; Persian Gulf - foreign Europe; Persian Gulf - USA; Southeast Asia - Japan, China and the Republic of Korea; Caribbean - USA; North Africa - foreign Europe; West Africa - foreign Europe; West Africa - USA, Latin America.
To this list it remains to add the main land "bridge" connecting Russia with the countries of foreign Europe and the CIS countries. Today, Russia is not only the largest producer, but also the largest exporter of oil to the world market, and the rate of export exceeds the growth in production. In 2007, the country exported (mainly to non-CIS countries) almost 350 million tons of oil and oil products, receiving $160 billion for them, which ensured its main foreign exchange earnings. But this raises many questions. And about this: will Russia be able to maintain the same rate of growth in production and exports in the coming years? And about this: is it necessary to do this in the conditions of exhaustion of oil resources and the cold climate of Russia? The opinion was expressed in the press that it would be generally sufficient for Russia to export, say, 150 million tons of oil per year. On the other hand, it was the flow of petrodollars that made it possible to create the Stabilization Fund, the Investment Fund, sharply increase the country's gold reserves, pay off external debts, and raise the salaries of state employees, scholarships for students and graduate students. In a word, this issue concerns not only foreign policy and macroeconomics, but concerns all Russians, including each of us.

Control questions
1*. Tell us about the dynamics of world oil production over the past century. Explain why developing countries play a decisive role in world oil production, and economically developed countries in its consumption. Select the main oil-producing countries of the world, including the countries of the Persian Gulf. Describe the main features of the geography of foreign trade in oil and oil products and the main "oil bridges".

About 30 billion tons of oil are produced annually in the world (as of 2014). By oil production developing countries have some advantage (at the expense of the Persian Gulf countries). Among the regions of the world, the leadership of overseas Asia is indisputable, followed by North America and Latin America.

In 2014 the world's largest oil producers were:

USA (more than 4 billion tons);
Russia (almost 4 billion tons);
Saudi Arabia (about 3.5 billion tons). material from the site

Other major oil producers are China, Canada, Iran, UAE, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, producing more than 1 billion tons.

Currently, about 30% of oil is produced on the sea shelf (Persian, Gulf of Mexico and Guinea, North, Okhotsk and South China Seas).

About 40% of the oil produced in the world enters the world market. The largest in the world oil exporters are member countries of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries): Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, Nigeria, Algeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, etc., as well as Russia, Mexico, Canada and Norway, and importers— Europe, Japan and the USA.

Oil is mainly transported in the world by sea tanker fleet, and from Russia - mainly through oil pipelines. Main oil cargo flows go in the following directions:

Persian Gulf → Western Europe;
Persian Gulf → Japan;
Persian Gulf → USA;
Russia → Eastern and Western Europe;
Mexico and Venezuela → USA;
Canada → USA;
Southeast Asia → Japan;
Southeast Asia → China;
North Africa → Western Europe;
Western and Central Africa → Western Europe, USA, Brazil.

On this page, material on the topics:

Oil industry of the world in 2014
Brief summary about the oil industry
Geography of the oil industry of the world
Oil industry summary
Brief report on the topic of the oil industry

Questions about this item:

Document's name Explanatory note to the geography lesson.doc

Explanatory note to the geography lesson on the topic:

"Oil industry - "bad or good" for Russia?"

Time demands different approaches to teaching from the modern school. The creation of problem situations, the activation of students' cognitive activity, which consists in finding and solving questions, are the tasks that I faced in the lesson. And the computer most often helps me to solve some of these problems. I often use the project method in my lessons. In the process of implementing the project, students develop readiness for goal-setting, readiness for assessment, readiness for action and readiness for reflection. The lesson is conducted with the aim of developing the competence of students on this topic. This lesson equips students with knowledge and skills, the importance of which cannot be disputed, the oil industry is of great importance, both for the inhabitants of the village and for the population of Russia as a whole.

In the process of working at the lesson, the table "Positive and negative factors affecting the development of the Russian oil industry" is created and filled out, and the practical work "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases" is designed.

The following levels of student competence are being formed:

level of performing competence (correct creation of a table, implementation of practical work according to a scheme developed under the guidance of a teacher);

the level of technological competence (independent performance of practical work by students);

the level of expert competence (the ability to reasonably, qualitatively, independently, assess the factors influencing the development of the oil industry, indicating its advantages and disadvantages).

The project method as a technology of competence-based education in this lesson includes the following components:

Statement of the problematic question: “Is the oil industry a “bad or good” for Russia?”

At the beginning of the lesson, the motivation for learning activities occurs, the future results of the lesson are reported, which allows students to look at the lesson through the prism of the perspective of their activities. Reception "Basket of ideas, concepts, names ..."

productive activity of students, the result of the lesson is the answer to the question “Is the oil industry “bad or good” for Russia?”, evidence and reasoning for the answer, the whole lesson is devoted to considering the oil industry from different angles: economic and social.

The development of students' competence, which can be conditionally called "the ability to act." At various stages of the lesson, students are encouraged to work independently by asking cognitive questions.

The lesson contributes to the formation of information and communication competence, students freely express their point of view on this topic, identify the features of the development of the oil industry, identify problems and prospects for the development of the industry

the conclusion of the lesson is the reflection of the work in the lesson, summing up the results of the lesson, evaluation of the activities in the lesson.

The project method is used as a leader to check the level of practical training of students in mastering information technology, using effective methods and tools to create an information product. Chinese proverb “Tell me and I will forget. Show me - I can remember. Let me do it myself - and it will be mine forever” characterizes this type of activity in the best possible way.

As practice shows, knowledge acquired and controlled independently or in dialogue with classmates acquires special value and significance. Joint reflection, the search for truth require work with additional sources of information, develop the skills of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Thus, in addition to knowledge, the skills of social behavior and interest in another person as a source of knowledge are formed. This type of work takes place at all stages of the lesson: setting goals, learning new material, doing practical work and reflection.

The lesson also uses information technology. They contribute to the successful study of the oil industry. Already today, many students with a computer on “you”: they are fluent in programs, perform various operations, enjoy spending their free time with it. Thanks to multimedia technologies, the educational material of the lesson is presented brightly and captivatingly in the form of a variety of information carriers (photos, maps, charts, tables), which contributes to the motivation of schoolchildren's educational activities. In this case, training is built within the framework of a personality-oriented model that takes into account the individual pace of mastering knowledge and skills, the level of complexity and interest.

Software tools (Power Point) allow you to quickly create computer slides both before the lesson and at the lesson, if information on the topic or links to educational Internet resources was selected before the lesson. Thus, to revive the lesson and make it accessible to perception. Creating presentations in the lesson allows you to solve the following information tasks:

the skills and abilities of critical thinking are formed in the conditions of work with large volumes of information;

formation of skills for independent work with educational material using ICT;

the formation of teamwork skills, the ability to formulate a problem and quickly solve it.

This allows me, first of all, to influence not only the consciousness, but also the emotions of students, as well as to more rationally distribute the time of the lesson so that “memorization” takes place with the help of textual and visual materials. Which is more efficient. As a result, there will be more time for the analytical activity of students, which makes it much easier than before to compare various facts, judgments, and theories. Thus, the use of ICT opens up new opportunities for the development of independent thinking in children, which ultimately leads to a higher quality of education.

The program allows you not to repeat the questions asked by students, they are highlighted on the slides, which saves lesson time. In addition, it helps weak students to see the answer on the screen, read, write down, and this psychologically facilitates the process of assimilation. All this is accompanied by diagrams, tables, maps and photographs, which allows you to get an idea of the development of the industry. Yes, and the process of working in the classroom is accelerating, students quickly navigate the text, look for answers with interest, analyze, express their opinion. As a result, with the correct distribution of students' attention, three perception mechanisms are activated - visual-figurative perception associated with photographs, charts, tables, auditory conscious, associated with understanding what I am saying, additional visual conscious, associated with simultaneous reading of additional material. Students also learn to independently select the necessary information, arrange it using various computer programs. The aesthetics of the design of the work also plays a significant role in the effectiveness of the work.

Thus, all of the above methods correspond to the goals of the educational process and contribute to the formation of correct geographical ideas about the role and place of the Russian oil industry in the country, the world and our village; the geography of oil bases, location factors, prospects and problems of the industry are considered

This approach allowed to achieve the following results:

The quality of teaching geography has improved. The general intellectual background of the class was taken as the initial data.

The average performance in the subject is 78%, and when using the project method and the use of ICT in the lesson, it increased the quality of education up to 83%, i.e. by 5%.

The use of information technology in a geography lesson has made it possible to improve the processing of the studied material, reduce the amount of homework, while reducing the teaching load on students, contribute to the development of visual and figurative thinking - all these listed factors lead to the effectiveness of learning.

In the process of working on a project, students independently acquire the missing knowledge from various sources, learn to use the acquired knowledge to solve cognitive and practical problems, acquire communication skills by working in groups, develop research skills (problem identification, information collection, observation, analysis, etc. .), systems thinking. The lesson used the method of an interdisciplinary project, there was an integration of chemistry, geography and computer science. The basis of the lesson was the features of the Russian oil industry, the composition, properties and processing of oil were considered from the perspective of chemistry, and the results of the work were presented using computers, and it would be impossible without knowledge of computer science.

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Document's name Annex 6 to the lesson on the oil industry.doc

Appendix 6. Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases"

Comparison criteria

West Siberian base

Volga-Ural base

Timano-Pechersk base

1. Geographical position

Within the West Siberian Plain on the territory of the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai regions.

It is located in the eastern part of the European territory, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Perm, Orenburg, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions.

Located within Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region and partly in the adjacent territories

2.mining depth

2000-3000 m.

from 1600 to 3000 m,

800-3300 m

3.share in total production

70% of Russian oil.

23% of the country's oil production.

6% oil

5.oil quality

characterized by a high content of paraffin and sulfur, which leads to increased depreciation of the equipment.

characterized by a low sulfur content, and a high content of paraffin gasoline fractions, an increased amount of volatile substances.

6.Main deposits

Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy

Romashkinskoye, Orlovskoye, Yelabuga, Nurlatskoye; Arlanskoe, Kushkulskoe, Meneuzovskoe, Chetyrmanskoe; Mishkinskoe, Osinskoe.

Usinskoye, Verkhnegruetorskoye, Pamgnya, Yarega, Lower Omra, Vodeyskoye and others.

7.Transport directions

to the west and east

to the west

To the central part of Russia

8. Ecological economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

Aging of deposits.

Increase in the share of foreign capital attracted for the development of new deposits.

The low adaptability of Russian plants, with increased volumes of oil refining, which was previously transported to the plants of the republics, causes poor-quality processing and large losses of the product.

This region is the most promising. Various companies have already invested $80 billion in its oil industry with the goal of extracting 730 million tons of oil, which is twice the annual production of the Russian Federation.

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Document's name Review of the lesson on the topic.doc

Review of the lesson on the topic:

"Oil industry - "trouble" or "good" of Russia?

The lesson was held in the 9th grade by the geography teacher Yu.V. Sidorova. The lesson was well prepared for solving the problems of personal development of students, ensured the progress of students in the development and assimilation of new knowledge. He fully complied with the principles of nature conformity, cultural conformity, the requirements of a person-oriented approach in the study of geography. The students felt like the masters of the lesson, its co-authors, which allowed students to show the following subjective qualities: activity, responsibility, self-control, self-discipline. The students demonstrated such well-formed skills as the ability to make a choice, participate in a dialogue, defend their point of view, evaluate facts, events, strive for mutual understanding, agreement, respect for other people's opinions. Conditions were created for the scientific search for a solution to the problem.

The teacher used humanistic pedagogical technologies, implemented a strategy of cooperation, pedagogical assistance and support for students, skillfully combined group work with individual work. Encourage individual creative achievements of students.

The general atmosphere and educational environment of the lesson contributed to the self-development, self-education and self-expression of students in the course of mastering knowledge, the development of their thinking, feelings and personal experience.

Deputy Director for scientific and methodological work: ______ A.M. Tsepaeva

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Document's name organizational structure of the lesson.doc

Stage name

Tasks

Duration

Main activity with ICT tools

Functions and activities of the teacher

Forms and types

student activities

Intermediate control

Note

Organizational

Prepare students for class work

2 minutes.

Frontal conversation to discuss the topic, goals and lesson plan

1. Knowledge update

Repeat-the concepts of "fuel and energy complex", "fuel industry",

"economy", "export"

3 min.

Working with slides

Front work

Work with diagrams, diagrams.

2. Motivational

Show the practical orientation of the study of a topic related to personal significance for students.

3 min.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON

Creation of a problem situation, conversation, setting goals and determining the topic of students' project activities

Discussion, goal setting and definition of the topic of project activities

Inability to correctly formulate a thought, express one's opinion, listen to the interlocutor.

3. Learning new material

Introduce concepts

Oil industry, resource availability. Consider the main methods of oil production. Give information about the history of the development of the oil industry. Develop thinking skills: analysis, synthesis and information processing

12 minutes

Educational presentation, use of Microsoft Word 2003, Power Point.

Educational presentation. Organization of work of students with Internet resources, with previously created information sheets

View, comprehend and discuss in the process of viewing a training presentation. Leading messages from students.

start designing the table "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia" using Microsoft Word 2003

Leading messages from students. Control over the correctness of the design of the table "Positive and negative factors in the development of the oil industry in Russia"

It is necessary to help students identify and formulate the most important

4. Independent work

Consider the geography of Russia's main oil bases. Create conditions for the development of research skills of students; develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information, translate information from one sign system to another. Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture through the presentation of the oil base.

12 minutes

Self-creation by students of a presentation of their oil base

Organization of work of students with Internet resources, with previously created information sheets

practical work "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases" using the Power Point presentation program. Work on creating a presentation

Checking the plan for future presentations

Help students make a presentation

5. Summing up. Reflection

Repeat and answer the main question of the lesson: Is the oil industry a “bad or good” for Russia?

Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture through discussion of the findings on the topic.

Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

10 minutes

test work

Correction of students' activities, summarizing the work

Working with dough

Test grade

6. Homework

Provide an understanding of how to do homework

3 minutes

Explanation of homework:

Recording a task in a diary

Subject, class

Technological map of the lesson

Eography, Grade 9

Teacher

Sidorova Yulia Viktorovna

lesson topic,

Lesson number on the topic

Lesson #25

“Intersectoral complexes of Russia. fuel and energy complex. Fuel industry»

Theme of the lesson: Oil industry - "trouble or good" in Russia?

equipment: map of the fuel industry, collection "Oil and products of its processing", atlases, multimedia projector, computers. Oil industry products.

Type of lesson: lesson learning new material. Statement and solution of the problem.

Lesson form: scientific and practical seminar.

Methods: explanatory-illustrative, partially search, research.

Form of organization of training: individual, group. Group discussion, practical activities.

Relevance of the use of ICT tools

Ensuring the visibility of educational material, Construction of diagrams, use presentation program Powerpoint and text editor Microsoft Word 2003

The purpose of the lesson

To reveal the role and place of the oil industry in the world, Russia and our village.

Lesson objectives

educational

developing

educational

Give the concept of the oil industry in Russia.

Determine the role of the oil industry in the structure of the Russian economy. To reveal the importance of the oil industry for Russians in general and for the residents of our village in particular.

contribute to teaching the ability of schoolchildren to justify their answers, illustrating them with examples;

create conditions for the development of research skills of students;

Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

Type of ICT tools used in the lesson

Internet resources, educational presentation

Required hardware and software

computers, projector, Internet access

Educational Resources Online

http://www.rvb.ru

http://som. fio.ru

http://www gks. en

http://www.commersant. en

Planned results

Students must:

Know the features of the oil industry in Russia and our village.

Be able to characterize the oil bases of Russia

Name to show the geography of the location of the main oil fields in Russia. Prepare results usingMicrosoft Word 2003 text editor and presentation programpower point .

Explain the influence of various factors on the development of the oil industry in Russia

Predict possible ways of development of the oil industry in Russia

Be able to reasonably, qualitatively, independently, assess the factors influencing the development of the oil industry, indicating its advantages and disadvantages.

The personal significance of what is being studied for schoolchildren

38% of the able-bodied population of our village works in the oil industry. The main reason for the construction of our village was the development of the oil industry.

Lesson plan

1. Organizational moment.

Reasons for the development of the oil industry.

2. Study of new material

The importance of the oil industry for the development of the Russian economy

The importance of the oil industry for the inhabitants of our village

Place of Russia among the largest oil exporting countries

What is called oil? Methods of oil production.

Geography of Russian oil bases

Oil refineries of the Russian Federation

Oil transportation

Problems of the oil industry

Prospects for the development of the oil industry

3.Fixing

Filling in the table (Appendix 6), conclusion on the topic

test work

4. Homework

Draw on the contour map the main deposits of the oil bases of Russia, with arrows show the main oil pipelines passing through the territory of Russia.

Fun challenge: write a mini-composition "What will happen to Russia when the oil runs out?"

Lesson grades

When grading, the work in the lesson, participation in joint creative work, the clarity and aesthetics of the presentation of the results of the lesson, the correctness of the test work, and the preparation of a forward message are taken into account.

Only 18 people.

Quantitative progress -100%.

Qualitative academic performance-83%. "5" -8 people. "4" -7 people. "3" -3 people.

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Document's name lesson presentation.ppt

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Description of the presentation on individual slides:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Lesson objectives: We will identify the positive and negative factors that affect the development of the oil industry in Russia. We will introduce new concepts: resource availability, oil refinery. Let's make the characteristic of oil bases of Russia.

slide number 3

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slide number 4

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Composition of the fuel and energy complex electric power industry fuel industry transportation thermal power plants hydroelectric power plants nuclear power plants oil gas coal shale shale non-traditional energy sources

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slide number 6

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slide number 7

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What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? Average elemental composition of oil Hydrocarbons of a complex structure are found in oil: sex hormones, cholesterol Organic mass 98% Carbon 83% Hydrogen 13% Oxygen, nitrogen 0.2-0.3% Sulfur 0.1-0.7% Vanadium, nickel ... 0 .03%

slide number 8

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What is it used for? In its raw form, oil is practically not used due to its high explosiveness.

slide number 9

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Did you know that using only 1 mg of oil, you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to heat a bucket samovar, you need less than half a glass of oil

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

What is the significance of the oil industry in the Russian economy? Table 1. Can you identify the share of the fuel industry in the structure of the Russian economy? Sectoral structure of the Russian economy The share of the industry in the total volume of production. Power industry 11.9% Fuel industry 19.9% Ferrous metallurgy 8.1% Non-ferrous metallurgy 7.7% Chemical industry 6.3% Light industry 1.5% Mechanical engineering industry 20.1% Timber industry 4.4% Food industry 13.9% Others 6, 2%

slide number 11

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What is the share of the oil industry in the structure of energy production? Make a conclusion, what is the importance of the oil industry in the structure of the extractive industry in Russia? fig.1

slide number 12

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The fuel and energy complex is the basis for the export of goods from Russia. Justify this statement. When answering, use Fig.2.

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

What is the share of oil in exports of fuel and energy products? Fig.3. Make a conclusion about the role of oil in the export of Russia's energy resources.

slide number 14

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The oil industry is a supplier of a significant part of the currency Fig.4 The average cost of oil production is $ 7 per barrel The cost of 1 barrel of oil includes not only the price of fuel production, but also oil refining, delivery to the consumer, and tax duties. Make a conclusion about the feasibility of further oil production.

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

The development of the oil industry in the Sokur territory and its significance. The construction of the oil loading station began in 1958. The construction of the Sokur filling station was completed in 1961. In May 1957, a site was organized for the construction of the Sokur-1 industrial site and industrial base. In February 1959, a loading station in Sokur was put into operation. In February 1959, the first railway was poured. composition of oil products from the overpass of the Sokur-1 site. The loading point is located 2 km from Sokur.

slide number 16

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slide number 17

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Scheme of the oil industry in the territory of Sokur Currently, about 38% of the entire working-age population of the village is employed in the oil industry in Sokur. The life and prosperity of our village directly depends on the pace of development of the oil industry in Russia.

slide number 18

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Oil production. Table 2. Table 3. How can one determine how many years at the current level of production there will be enough oil? Countries with large oil reserves. Proved reserves (billion tons) Saudi Arabia 35.8 Russia 20 Iraq 15.1 Kuwait 13.3 UAE 12.6 World oil production Production in million tons Saudi Arabia 440 USA 355 Russia 350 Iran 180 Mexico 170

slide number 19

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Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. It is expressed as the number of years for which a given resource should last. Table 4 What are the main reasons for the low resource endowment of Russia Name of the country Number of years for which there will be enough oil Saudi Arabia 81.3 Russia 57.1 Iraq 116.1 Kuwait 126.6 United Arab Emirates 109.5

slide number 20

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Methods of oil extraction Fountain Pumping What do you think is the cheapest way to extract oil?

slide number 21

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Oil refining Methods of oil refining: Preparation of oil for processing Oil distillation Cracking Pyrolysis

slide number 22

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Oil refining takes place at refineries. An oil refinery is a plant where oil is dispersed into fractions and commercial oil products and raw materials for further processing or organic synthesis are produced from them. At the moment, there are 28 oil refineries in Russia, the production process at the refinery is carried out around the clock.

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slide number 24

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Oil transportation. The construction of pipelines is 3-5 times faster and cheaper than railways. Almost all oil (97%), natural gas, and many refined products (20%) are transported through pipelines.

slide number 25

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Large oil pipelines in Russia Fig.6. Transit of gasoline AI-92, AI-80 and diesel fuel from the refinery in Omsk to the eastern regions of Russia passes through our village.

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slide number 28

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Did you know that there are also 7 oil fields on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, their reserves are about 158 million. All fields are located in the Northern region, the largest field is Verkh-Tarskoye.

slide number 29

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Independent group work on compiling the characteristics of the oil base of Russia. 1st group - West Siberian base, 2nd group Volga-Ural base 3rd group - Timano - Pechersk base. Characteristics plan: geographical location depth of production share in total production in Russia oil quality main fields transportation directions environmental and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base You will enter the results of the study in the table, after completing the work you will need to submit your oil base using the presentation program power point.

slide number 30

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Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases". Comparison criteria West-Siberian base Volga-Ural base Timano-Pechersk base

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West Siberian oil base Geographical location: Within the West Siberian Plain on the territory of the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai regions. 70% of Russian oil is produced. Main deposits: Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy

slide number 32

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Volga-Ural base Geographical position: Located in the eastern part of the European territory, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Perm, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions. 23% of Russian oil is produced. Main deposits: Romashkinskoye, Orlovskoye, Yelabuga, Nurlatskoye, Arlanskoye, Kushkulskoye, Meneuzovskoye, Chetyrmanskoye, Mishkinskoye, Osinskoye.

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Timano-Pechersk base Geographical position: Located within the Komi, Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk region and partly in the adjacent territories. 6% of Russian oil is produced. Main deposits: Usinskoye, Verkhnegruetorskoye, Pamgnya, Yarega, Lower Omra, Vodeyskoye.

slide number 34

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Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases". Comparison criteria West Siberian base Volga-Ural base Timano-Pechersk base Altai Territory. It is located in the eastern part of the European territory, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Perm, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions. Located within the Komi, Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk region and partly in the adjacent territories 2. production depth 2000-3000 m. from 1600 to 3000 m, 800-3300 m 3. share in total production of 70% of Russian oil. 23% of the country's oil production. 6% oil 5. The quality of oil is characterized by low sulfur content, and the content of paraffin gasoline fractions is high, an increased amount of volatile substances. characterized by a high content of paraffin and sulfur, which leads to increased depreciation of the equipment. characterized by a low sulfur content, and a high content of paraffin gasoline fractions, an increased amount of volatile substances. 6. the main deposits of Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy, Romashkinskoye, Orlovskoye, Yelabuga, Nurlatskoye; Arlanskoe, Kushkulskoe, Meneuzovskoe, Chetyrmanskoe; Mishkinskoe, Osinskoe. Usinskoye, Verkhnegruetorskoye, Pamgnya, Yarega, Lower Omra, Vodeyskoye and others. 7. directions of transportation to the west and east to west To the central part of Russia 8. Ecological and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base Aging of fields. Increase in the share of foreign capital attracted for the development of new deposits. The low adaptability of Russian plants, with increased volumes of oil refining, which was previously transported to the plants of the republics, causes poor-quality processing and large losses of the product. This region is the most promising. Various companies have already invested $80 billion in its oil industry with the goal of extracting 730 million tons of oil, which is twice the annual production of the Russian Federation.

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Environmental issues: Environmental risks: In the world's fossil fuel reserves, oil is 10% and coal - 70%, while their consumption, on the contrary, is 70% oil and 10% coal. As much fuel is consumed per day as nature can synthesize in a millennium.

slide number 36

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Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia and on the territory of our village. Evaluation criteria Positive factors Negative factors 1. Oil occupies 39% in the structure of energy production 2. The basis of Russia's exports 3.48% of the able-bodied population of Sokur is employed in the oil industry. 4. Oil is a non-renewable mineral. 5. Remoteness of the main deposits from consumers of oil products 6. Low resource availability. 7. The quality of oil does not meet international standards. 8. Falling oil prices 9. Most of the refineries have exhausted their resources 10. Low cost of petroleum products.

slide number 37

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Lesson summary Is the oil industry a "trouble" or a "good" for Russia? Concepts: resource availability, oil refinery. Characteristics of the oil bases of Russia.

slide number 38

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Give yourself points for the lesson 5 points - I understood everything and I can explain it to another; 4 points - I understood everything, but I can’t explain; 3 points - for complete understanding it is necessary to repeat; 0 points - I did not understand anything.

slide number 39

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Homework. Draw on the contour map the main deposits of the oil bases of Russia, with arrows show the main oil pipelines passing through the territory of Russia. Fun challenge: write a mini-composition "What will happen to Russia when the oil runs out?"

slide number 40

Description of the slide:

Document's name appendix 1-5 and 7 to the lesson on the oil industry.doc

Annex 1. What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for?

Oil has been known to mankind since ancient times. On the banks of the Euphrates, it was mined 6-7 thousand years BC. e. It was used to illuminate dwellings, for embalming. Oil was an integral part of the incendiary agent, which went down in history under the name "Greek fire." In the Middle Ages, it was mainly used for street lighting.

At the beginning of the 19th century in Russia, a lighting oil called kerosene was obtained from oil by distillation, which was used in lamps invented in the middle of the 19th century. In the same period, in connection with the growth of industry and the advent of steam engines, the demand for oil as a source of lubricants began to increase. Implementation in the late 60s. 19th century oil drilling is considered the birth of the oil industry.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, gasoline and diesel engines were invented. This led to the rapid development of oil production and methods of its processing.

Average elemental composition of oil

organic mass

98 %

Carbon

83%

Hydrogen

13%

oxygen, nitrogen

0,2- 0,3%

Sulfur

0,1-0,7%

Vanadium, nickel...

0,03%

Deposits of crude oil and gas arose 100-200 million years ago in the thickness of the Earth. The origin of oil is one of the hidden secrets of nature.

There are 2 theories of the origin of oil: the inorganic theory and the organic theory. Inorganic theory - oil is formed on the basis of metal carbides.

Oil contains complex hydrocarbons: sex hormones, cholesterol. Theory of organic origin: there was oil based on the smallest organisms when they died. As a result, based on the proteins and fats of these organisms, oil was obtained.

Modern science has strong evidence that, in prehistoric times, microscopic sea plants and animals were incorporated into the sediments that formed on the sea floor. As a result of ever deeper burial under the sedimentary rocks, organic substances were subjected to high temperatures and pressures, which led to their thermal decomposition and the formation of oil and gas.

In most sedimentary basins, oil becomes lighter with increasing depth. Rocks in deep layers are characterized by high densities, while rocks close to the surface are characterized by low densities. The density determines the value of oil.

Oil is a light brown or black oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It is slightly lighter than water and practically does not dissolve in it. Since oil is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, it does not have a specific boiling point.

And to list all the products obtained from oil, you need to spend several sheets, since there are already several thousand of them. In its raw form, oil is practically not used because of its high explosiveness. During its processing, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, as well as various compounds that serve as raw materials for the production of plastics, chemical fibers, etc. are obtained.

Appendix 2 The development of the oil industry in the Sokur territory and its significance.

One of the key sectors of the economy of our village is the oil industry. On September 5, 1955, the Omsk Oil Refinery was built northwest of Omsk. And already in 1956, Omsknefteprovodstroy was preparing to launch construction and installation work on the section of the Tatarsk-Sokur product pipeline. In May 1956, preparations for construction began. Building materials were delivered from Novosibirsk by railway. platforms, cars could not pass due to the lack of roads (cars often returned from the city only for 5-6 days, and then with the help of caterpillar tractors). In August 1956, wagons with prefabricated panel houses arrived, so the first 15 houses of the oilmen's village appeared.

The construction of the oil loading station began in 1958.

The construction of the Sokur filling station was completed in 1961.

In May 1957, a site was organized for the construction of the Sokur-1 industrial site and industrial base. In February 1959, a loading station in Sokur was put into operation. In February 1959, the first railway was poured. composition of oil products from the overpass of the Sokur-1 site. The loading point is located 2 km from Sokur.

Now there is an active development of the oil loading station. Taking oil from the West Siberian fields, the joint-stock company has the opportunity to transport it not only to the east, but also to the west to the European part of the country. And to the states of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Diagram of the oil industry in Sokur territory

Now about 38% of the entire able-bodied population of the village work at the oil industry enterprises in Sokur. The life and prosperity of our village directly depends on the pace of development of the oil industry in Russia.

Annex 3. How is oil refining done?

Oil is not used in its original form, so refineries are its main consumer. They are located in all regions of the country, because. it is more profitable to transport crude oil than the products of its processing, which are necessary in all sectors of the national economy. In the past, it was transported from the places of extraction to the places of consumption by rail in tanks. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines. Oil refining methods:

1. Preparation of oil for processing , oil is cleaned from chemical impurities, from water and sulfur.

2. Oil refining . Oil breaks down into its constituent carbons under the influence of temperature. The distillation of oil is carried out in an installation that consists of a tubular furnace and a distillation column. Oil is supplied through the pipeline, where it is heated to t = 320-350 0 and enters the column as a mixture of liquid and vapor. Inside it has horizontal partitions with holes, the so-called plates. Oil vapors are fed into the column through the holes, rise up, while they are gradually cooled and liquefied. Less volatile are obtained on the first plates, more volatile rise up. The disadvantage of distillation is a small yield of gasoline (20%).

3. Cracking . Gasoline yield up to 70% Splitting at a temperature not lower than 400-500 0 C, light products (gasoline) are formed. The cracking process consists in the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules with a long carbon chain into shorter ones under the influence of hight.

4. Pyrolysis. Decomposition at a temperature of 680-750 0 With and big pressure. Aromatic carbon (benzene) is obtained.

Oil cracking

Annex 4. Large oil pipelines in Russia

In the past, it was transported from the places of extraction to the places of consumption by rail in tanks. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines, and their share in transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage facilities. The speed of oil movement is 10-12 km/h. Standard diameter - 12 thousand mm. Productivity per year - 90 million tons of oil. In terms of efficiency, only maritime transportation by tankers can compete with oil pipelines. In addition, they are less dangerous in terms of fire and dramatically reduce losses during transportation (delivery). The cost of building a main oil pipeline usually pays off in 2-3 years. The first oil pipeline 6 km long was built in the USA in 1865. Oil pipelines of greater length began to be built in 1875. The first oil pipeline in Russia was laid in 1878 in Baku from fields to an oil refinery, and in 1897 - 1907 the longest Baku-Batumi main pipeline in the world was built at that time, with a diameter of 200 mm and a length of 835 km, which continues to be operated, and to this day. A characteristic feature of the development of oil pipeline transport in Russia is the increase in the proportion of large-diameter pipelines, which is explained by their high profitability.

Formation of an oil base between the Volga and the Urals , greatly improving the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country, led to the emergence of a whole system of main oil pipelines:

1) to the west - the Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetyevsk through Kuibyshev - Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus), from where to Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia with a branch to Belarus, Latvia and Lithuania; Kuibyshev - Penza - Bryansk (oil products); Almetyevsk - Gorky - Ryazan - Moscow with a branch Gorky - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;

2) to the south - Perm - Almetyevsk; Almetyevsk - Saratov; Ishimbay - Orsk.

3) to the east - Tuymazy - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk; Tuimazy - Omsk; Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk (oil products).

Formation of the West Siberian oil base changed the orientation of the main oil flows: the Volga-Ural region was completely reoriented to the west. The most important functions of the further development of the network of main oil pipelines were transferred to Western Siberia, from where pipelines go:

1) to the west - Ust - Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Kuibyshev; Kuibyshev - Lisichansk - Kremenchuk - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk;

2) to the south - Shaim - Tyumen; Ust - Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent;

3) to the east - Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

To transport oil to the west in addition, the pipelines of the Volga-Ural region of the eastern direction are used. From pipelines stand out: Guryev - Orsk; Mangyshlak - Samara; Ukhta - Yaroslavl (Timano - Pechersk oil and gas region ). In the Far East Ogsa - Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Sakhalin).

Abroad oil is also exported through pipelines (for example, "Friendship "). Export of oil today is 105-110 million tons, oil products - 35 million tons. A third of crude oil exports are to the CIS countries (for Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan together more than 90%).

The rest oil is sent to non-CIS countries, i.e. to Western Europe, where Germany, Italy, UK and Ireland together consume 60% of this volume.

Today, exporting abroad is mostly profitable, but there are already indicated problems with payment when delivering oil to countries neighboring countries . In Russia itself, in the future, it is planned to create regional systems of main oil product pipelines with a distribution network to oil depots, but now pipeline transport is going through hard times due to the general downturn in the oil industry.

Appendix 5. Table "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia"

Criteria for evaluation

Positive Factors

Negative Factors

1. Oil occupies 39% in the structure of energy production

+

2. The basis of Russian exports

+

3.48% of the able-bodied population of Sokur is employed in the oil industry.

+

4. Oil is a non-renewable mineral.

_

5. Remoteness of the main fields from consumers of oil products

_

6. Low resource availability.

-

7. The quality of oil does not meet world standards.

_

8. Falling oil prices

-

9. Most of the refineries have exhausted their resource

-

10. Low cost of petroleum products.

+

Annex 7. Environmental problems of the oil industry.

It is estimated that more than 10% of the extracted raw materials are lost only in the process of processing and transporting oil.

Average composition of exhaust gases:

Carbon monoxide CO is carbon monoxide. Toxic gas, colorless and odorless. When inhaled, it binds to hemoglobin in the blood. Small concentrations cause dizziness, headache, fatigue and a slow reaction in the driver. High concentrations, even with short-term exposure, can lead to death. Oxygen starvation, first of all, destroys the brain and is especially detrimental to the heart muscle, causing heart disease - angina pectoris.

Aldehydes. They are toxic substances, irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract, affecting the kidneys and liver.

nitrogen oxides. Dissolving in water, they form nitrous and nitric acids, which are the cause of acid rain. These same acids are formed in the upper respiratory tract of the body, corroding them.

Soot. The more soot, the blacker the smoke. Soot affects the respiratory system, like any dust, but the worst thing is that carcinogenic substances settle on the surface of soot particles.

Carcinogenic substances /particularly benzpyrene/. Very dangerous for humans, even at low concentrations, because they accumulate in the body, these substances cause cancer.

Lead compounds. Poisons affecting the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, disrupting metabolic processes. Lead compounds accumulate in the body to dangerous concentrations. Near highways, they accumulate in the soil and plants.

Sulphur dioxide. Forms sulfuric acid with water vapor in the atmosphere. Prolonged inhalation causes disturbances in the activity of the nervous system.

Thus, oil refining products have a negative effect on the human body, but it is difficult to imagine people's lives without a car now, so it is necessary to look for new safe fuels or change the design of engines to make them safer for humans. Of course, in the rapidly changing conditions of the modern economy, it is impossible once and for all to find a solution that satisfies the interests of all subsoil use entities, but it is possible to constantly maintain a certain dynamic balance of the industry between them, that is, such a development of oil production that “Satisfies the needs of the present time, but does not jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

There are two main areas of environmental protection:

1) purification of harmful emissions from enterprises. This path is ineffective, since, following it, it is far from always possible to stop the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere;

2) elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, waste-free production technologies.

This way is the most efficient and economical. To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the purification process with the process of utilization of trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second. The authorities have an economic impact on enterprises through pollution charges, the reproduction of the mineral resource base, etc., thereby directing their environmental financing in the right direction.

For the practical implementation of an effective environmental policy in the oil industry, it is important to create an economic mechanism for the environmentally sustainable development of industry enterprises, the new features of which are:

improvement of economic indicators of environmental protection activities to form a system of economic impacts on the environment of production;

creation of an environmental and economic mechanism for innovation to stimulate the development of markets for environmental services, products, technologies and equipment;

consideration of acceptable environmental risk factors.

One more point must be taken into account. In the world reserves of fossil fuels, oil is 10% and coal - 70%, while their consumption, on the contrary, is 70% oil and 10% coal. As much fuel is consumed per day as nature can synthesize in a millennium. That is why it is necessary not only to assess the environmental consequences of environmental pollution by the oil industry, but also to conduct an economic analysis of the economics of using petroleum feedstock.

form an idea about the features of the oil industry in Russia. Determine the role of the oil industry in the structure of the Russian economy. To reveal the importance of the oil industry for Russians in general and for the residents of our village in particular.

developing

to promote teaching students the ability to justify their answers, illustrating them with examples; create conditions for the development of research skills of students;

develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information and translate information from one sign system to another.

educational

Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture.

Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

Equipment: map of the fuel industry, collection "Oil and products of its processing", atlases, multimedia projector, computers. "Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rom ": - M. Drofa-2007, presentation of the lesson.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

Lesson form: scientific and practical seminar.

Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partly exploratory, research.

Form of organization of training: individual, group.

Advanced tasks:

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Annex 1)

Development of the oil industry in the territory of Sokur. (appendix 2)

How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3)

Results of work:

Table No. 1 "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia."

Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases"

During the classes

Organizing time

The main question of today's lesson will be the following: - "Is the oil industry a disaster or a boon for Russia?" The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

To work in the lesson, you can use various sources of geographic information, you can use a presentation program to design your work. power point, you can also agree or offer your own criteria for assessing the development of the oil industry in Russia. As a result of solving the problem raised in the lesson, you should have a complete picture of the features of the development of the oil industry in Russia. The result of the work is a ready-made table "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia" (Appendix 6) which is drawn up using the Microsoft Word 2003 text editor, practical work "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases" (Appendix 7) using the presentation program power point.

AND learning new material

Oil has been known to man since ancient times. Herodotus and Plutarch mentioned its use for lighting, heating, making medicines. In the 19th century the invention of a kerosene lamp, and then the internal combustion engine, became the impetus for its development. In the 20th century no other type of primary energy resource has had a greater impact on the economic and social development of mankind than oil. The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil. The oil industry is of great importance for the development of our country in general and the residents of our village in particular. Solving the problems of the oil industry at this stage of historical development is very acute. Now we will reveal the importance of the oil industry in the Russian economy.

Industries

Power industry

11,9 %

Fuel industry

19,9 %

Ferrous metallurgy

8.1 %

Non-ferrous metallurgy

7,7 %

Chemical

6,3 %

Easy

1.5 %

mechanical engineering

20.1 %

Lesnaya

4,4 %

food

13,9 %

Other

6,2 %

To do this, we will consider the structure of the Russian economy.

Can you identify the share of the fuel industry in the structure of the Russian economy?

19.9% in the structure of the Russian economy is occupied by the fuel and energy complex.

What is the share of the oil industry in the structure of energy production?

The oil industry occupies 39% in the structure of energy production.

Thus, the oil industry is the leading industry in Russia. But oil is not only one of the main industries in the Russian economy, it forms the basis of Russia's exports.

Analyze the commodity structure of Russia's exports, identify the share of oil in Russia's exports.

Although now, in the context of the global financial crisis, there is a sharp decline in oil prices (the cost of oil production is $ 7 per barrel, and today they give dollars for 1 barrel of oil), it is still profitable to extract oil. But the cost of 1 barrel of oil includes not only the price of fuel production, but also oil refining, delivery to the consumer, and tax duties.

Dynamics of oil prices in Russia and on the world market in 2008

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Annex 1)

Did you know: using only 1 mg of oil, you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to heat a bucket samovar, you need less than half a glass of oil

For the extraction of oil and gas, wells are drilled, through which they come to the surface and then are pumped through pipelines to places of processing and consumption.

Oil is extracted mainly in two ways:

pumping

gushing

Analysis of the drawings "Methods of oil production", which method of oil production is cheaper?

The oil industry is of great importance for the existence and development of our village.

(Development of the oil industry in the Sokur territory, annex 2)

Russia is rightfully considered one of the few countries in which oil production has a long and glorious history. Russian geologists and oilmen have been searching, exploring and developing oil fields for over 135 years. And the first oil gusher gushed in Russia in 1864 from a well drilled near the Kudako River in the Kuban.

The Russian Federation has large oil reserves, it ranks 2nd in terms of proven oil reserves (20 billion tons, which is 13% of global oil reserves) after Saudi Arabia (35.8 billion tons), but although Russia ranks 3rd in oil production in the world (350 million tons are produced per year), after Saudi Arabia and the USA, but Russia's resource supply with oil is low.

Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. It is expressed in years. for which this resource should be sufficient. or its reserves per capita.

Determine the resource availability of the countries of the world with oil using statistical data.

Countries with large oil production in million tons

The name of the country

Production, mmt

Saudi Arabia

USA

Russia

350

Iran

Mexico

proven oil reserves

The name of the country

Explored oil reserves

billion tons

Saudi Arabia

35,8

Russia

Iraq

15.1

Kuwait

13.3

UAE

12,6

Resource supply of the countries of the world with oil.

The name of the country

Number of years oil lasts

Saudi Arabia

81,3

Russia

57,1

Iraq

116,1

Kuwait

126,6

UAE

109,5

Conclusion:

The development of the oil industry is proceeding at a slow pace, one of the main problems of the oil industry is the low availability of resources.

The main reasons are as follows: insufficient volumes of exploration work, almost 50% of drilled wells are not operated, a significant part of oil reserves is lost in the bowels and cannot be extracted to the surface.

We will make a comparative description of the oil bases of Russia, highlight their problems and prospects.

You already know that oil, like all fuel resources, is a non-renewable natural resource. The main oil fields are concentrated in the sedimentary cover of ancient platforms, the geological structure of the territory is the leading factor in the location of Russian oil bases.

Analyze the map "Oil reserve of Russia"

Several large oil bases stand out on the territory of Russia, these are the West Siberian and Volga-Ural and Timano - Pechersk, as well as the shelves of the seas washing the territory of Russia

Independent group work. Each group will receive an oil base characterization plan. The 1st group will make a description of the West Siberian base, and the 2nd group of the Volga-Urals, the 3rd group - Timano-Pechersk base. For a more complete characterization of the features of oil bases, we will make a comparative description of the oil bases of Russia according to the plan:

geographical position

degree of exploration of reserves

degree of basin development

mining method

oil quality

main deposits

transportation directions

environmental and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

you will draw up the results of the work in the form of a table (Appendix 6), at the end of the work you will need to submit your oil base using the presentation program power point.

Did you know that there are also 7 oil fields in the Novosibirsk region, their reserves are about 158 million tons. All deposits are located in the Northern region, the largest deposit is Verkh-Tarskoye.

Crude oil is almost never used. Therefore, before reaching consumers, it must be processed, turning into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and lubricating oils.

How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3)

Oil refining takes place at refineries. Map analysis: "Oil refineries in Russia". There are currently 28 oil refineries operating in Russia.The production process at the refinery is carried out around the clock. An oil refinery is a plant where oil is dispersed into fractions and commercial oil products and raw materials for further processing or organic synthesis are produced from them. Oil refineries (refineries) are located along the pipeline routes and at their end points. The capacities of 26 refineries in Russia make it possible to process 300 million tons of oil annually.

Pipeline transport is used to deliver refined products to the consumer. Map analysis: "Transportation of Russian oil". Pipeline transport has already surpassed railway transport in terms of the amount of work performed. The construction of pipelines is 3-5 times faster and cheaper than railways. Almost all oil (97%), natural gas, and many refined products (20%) are transported through pipelines.

Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4)

Large oil pipelines are the oil pipeline "Druzhba", transit of gasoline AI-92, AI-80 and diesel fuel from the refinery in Omsk to the eastern regions of Russia passes through our village.

Oil companies of Russia.

The following companies play the leading role in the development of the oil complex: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Yukos, Lukoil, SIDANKO.

With the ever-increasing scale of oil production and refining, the environmental problem is becoming more and more acute.

Influence of oil properties on the features of its use.

Demonstration of oil, and work to determine the physical properties of oil.

Progress:

We examine a test tube with oil (oily liquid, dark brown, almost black with a characteristic smell.)
Oil does not smell like gasoline, with which the idea of \u200b\u200bit is associated. The aroma of oil is given by the accompanying carbon disulphide, the remains of plant and animal organisms.

We dissolve oil in water (does not dissolve, a film forms on the surface). The density of the film is less than water, so it is on the surface.

Conclusion about the causes of environmental problems.

Environmental problems of the oil industry (Annex 5)

Anchoring

The result of the work in the lesson is a finished table (application). At the end of the lesson, students answer the main question of the lesson: Is the oil industry a “trouble” or a “good” for Russia?

Students response: the development of the oil industry in the modern volume at this stage of historical development, most likely, is the "trouble" of Russia:

most of Russia's fields are depleted, Russia is losing its position as a major exporter, losing a significant part of its currency, the development of promising oil fields is required to solve the problem

the majority of oil refineries have exhausted their resources, the construction of new refineries or the modernization of old refineries is required

not all wells are sufficiently exploited, some of the deep layers cannot be exploited due to the lack of modern equipment;

there is a decrease in oil prices on the world market, it is necessary to increase the export of not crude oil, but its refined products

create or enter into an existing grouping of oil exporting countries for the joint regulation of oil prices on the world market.

The extraction and export of oil has always been a profitable area of production, although the further development of the oil industry requires large investments for the exploration and development of new oil fields, and the modernization of equipment at refineries.

to create conditions for the development of cognitive interest in the peculiarities of the oil industry in Russia through solving the problems of the oil industry.

Educational

form an idea about the features of the oil industry in Russia. Determine the role of the oil industry in the structure of the Russian economy. To reveal the importance of the oil industry for Russians in general and for the residents of our village in particular.

Educational

to promote teaching students the ability to justify their answers, illustrating them with examples; create conditions for the development of research skills of students; develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information and translate information from one sign system to another.

Educational

Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture. Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

Equipment: map of the fuel industry, collection "Oil and products of its processing", atlases, multimedia projector, computers. "Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions / V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom ": - M. Bustard-2007, presentation of the lesson.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.
Lesson form: scientific and practical seminar.
Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partly exploratory, research.
Form of organization of training: individual, group.
Advanced tasks:

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Appendix 1) Development of the oil industry in the territory of Sokur. (Appendix 2) How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3) Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4) Environmental problems of the oil industry (Appendix 5)

Results of work:

Table No. 1 "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia." Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases"

During the classes

Organizing time

We are born and live in a world of products and things derived from oil. In the history of mankind there were stone and iron periods. Who knows, maybe historians will call our period oil or plastic. Oil - is the most titled type of minerals. She is called both the "queen of energy" and the "queen of fertility." And her kingship in organic chemistry is "black gold".
The main question of today's lesson will be the following: - "The oil industry - a misfortune or a boon for Russia?" The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex, a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
To work in the lesson, you can use various sources of geographic information, you can use a presentation program to design your work. power point, you can also agree or offer your own criteria for assessing the development of the oil industry in Russia. As a result of solving the problem raised in the lesson, you should have a complete picture of the features of the development of the oil industry in Russia. The result of the work is a ready-made table "Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia" (Appendix 6) which is drawn up using the text editor Microsoft Word 2003, practical work "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases" (Appendix 7) using the presentation program power point.

Learning new material

Oil has been known to man since ancient times. Herodotus and Plutarch mentioned its use for lighting, heating, making medicines. In the 19th century the invention of a kerosene lamp, and then the internal combustion engine, became the impetus for its development. In the 20th century no other type of primary energy resource has had a greater impact on the economic and social development of mankind than oil. The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil. The oil industry is of great importance for the development of our country in general and the residents of our village in particular. Solving the problems of the oil industry at this stage of historical development is very acute. Now we will reveal the importance of the oil industry in the Russian economy.

To do this, we will consider the structure of the Russian economy

Can you identify the share of the fuel industry in the structure of the Russian economy?

19.9% in the structure of the Russian economy is occupied by the fuel and energy complex.
What is the share of the oil industry in the structure of energy production?

39% of the oil industry is in the structure of energy production.
Thus, the oil industry is the leading industry in Russia. But oil is not only one of the main industries in the Russian economy, it forms the basis of Russia's exports.

Analyze the commodity structure of Russia's exports, identify the share of oil in Russia's exports.

Russia exports 210 million tons of oil per year, which is 40% of energy exports. thus, it is not only the leading branch of the Russian economy and the supplier of a significant part of the currency. Russia's production is 10% of the world, so we can say with confidence that the country has a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the states that are members of this organization will not be able to make up for the shortage of oil if the world market leaves the Russian Federation.
Although now, in the context of the global financial crisis, there is a sharp decline in oil prices (the cost of oil production is $ 7 per barrel, and today they give dollars for 1 barrel of oil), it is still profitable to extract oil. But the cost of 1 barrel of oil includes not only the price of fuel production, but also oil refining, delivery to the consumer, and tax duties.

Dynamics of oil prices in Russia and on the world market in 2008

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Annex 1)
Did you know: using only 1 mg of oil, you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to heat a bucket samovar, you need less than half a glass of oil
For the extraction of oil and gas, wells are drilled, through which they come to the surface and then are pumped through pipelines to places of processing and consumption.

Oil is extracted mainly in two ways:

pumping fountain

Analysis of the drawings "Methods of oil production", which method of oil production is cheaper?
The oil industry is of great importance for the existence and development of our village.
(Development of the oil industry in the Sokur territory, annex 2)
Russia is rightfully considered one of the few countries in which oil production has a long and glorious history. Russian geologists and oilmen have been searching, exploring and developing oil fields for over 135 years. And the first oil gusher gushed in Russia in 1864 from a well drilled near the Kudako River in the Kuban.
The Russian Federation has large oil reserves, it ranks 2nd in terms of proven oil reserves (20 billion tons, which is 13% of global oil reserves) after Saudi Arabia (35.8 billion tons), but although Russia ranks 3rd in oil production place in the world (350 million tons are produced per year), after Saudi Arabia and the United States, but Russia's resource supply with oil is low.
Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. It is expressed in years. for which this resource should be sufficient. or its reserves per capita.
Determine the resource availability of the countries of the world with oil using statistical data.

Resource supply of the countries of the world with oil

The name of the country	Number of years oil lasts
Saudi Arabia
Russia
Iraq
Kuwait

Thus, with the current amount of explored resources and the given rates of oil production, there will be enough for 57 years, this is one of the lowest indicators of oil resource availability in the world.
Conclusion:
The development of the oil industry is proceeding at a slow pace, one of the main problems of the oil industry is the low availability of resources.
The main reasons are as follows: insufficient volumes of exploration work, almost 50% of drilled wells are not operated, a significant part of oil reserves is lost in the bowels and cannot be extracted to the surface.
We will make a comparative description of the oil bases of Russia, highlight their problems and prospects.
You already know that oil, like all fuel resources, is a non-renewable natural resource. The main oil fields are concentrated in the sedimentary cover of ancient platforms, the geological structure of the territory is the leading factor in the location of Russian oil bases.
Analyze the map "Oil reserve of Russia"

Several large oil bases stand out on the territory of Russia - these are the West Siberian and Volga-Ural and Timano-Pechersk, as well as the shelves of the seas washing the territory of Russia

Independent group work. Each group will receive an oil base characterization plan. The 1st group will make a description of the West Siberian base, and the 2nd group of the Volga-Urals, the 3rd group - of the Timano-Pechersk base. For a more complete characterization of the features of oil bases, we will make a comparative description of the oil bases of Russia according to the plan:

geographic location degree of exploration of reserves degree of basin development method of production oil quality main fields transportation directions environmental and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

You will draw up the results of the work in the form of a table (Appendix 6), at the end of the work you will need to submit your oil base using the presentation program power point.

Crude oil is almost never used. Therefore, before reaching consumers, it must be processed, turning into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and lubricating oils.
How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3)

Oil refining takes place at refineries. Map analysis:

Russian oil refineries. There are currently 28 oil refineries operating in Russia. The production process at the refinery is carried out around the clock. An oil refinery is a plant where oil is dispersed into fractions and commercial oil products and raw materials for further processing or organic synthesis are produced from them. Oil refineries (refineries) are located along the pipeline routes and at their end points. The capacities of 26 refineries in Russia make it possible to process 300 million tons of oil annually.

Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4)
Large oil pipelines are the oil pipeline "Druzhba", transit of gasoline AI-92, AI-80 and diesel fuel from the refinery in Omsk to the eastern regions of Russia passes through our village.
Oil companies of Russia.
The following companies play the leading role in the development of the oil complex: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Yukos, Lukoil, SIDANKO.

With the ever-increasing scale of oil production and refining, the environmental problem is becoming more and more acute.
Influence of oil properties on the features of its use.
Demonstration of oil, and work to determine the physical properties of oil.

Progress:

Conclusion about the causes of environmental problems.
Environmental problems of the oil industry (Annex 5)

Anchoring

The result of the work in the lesson is a finished table (application). At the end of the lesson, students answer the main question of the lesson: Is the oil industry a "trouble" or a "good" for Russia?

Students response: the development of the oil industry in the modern volume at this stage of historical development, most likely, is the "trouble" of Russia:

most of Russia's fields are depleted, Russia is losing its position as a major exporter, losing a significant part of the currency, to solve the problem, the development of promising oil fields is required most of the oil refineries have exhausted their resources, the construction of new refineries or the modernization of old refineries is required not all wells are sufficiently exploited, some are deep underlying formations cannot be exploited due to the lack of modern equipment; there is a decrease in oil prices on the world market, it is necessary to increase the export of not crude oil, but its refined products, create or join the current grouping of oil exporting countries for the joint regulation of oil prices on the world market.

Type

Plan for describing the branch of the economy of the oil industry. Oil industry of the world. Significance in the world economy

Oil industry of the world in 2014

Brief summary about the oil industry

Geography of the oil industry of the world

Oil industry summary

Brief report on the topic of the oil industry

Appendix 6. Practical work No. 5 "Comparative characteristics of Russian oil bases"

Comparison criteria

West Siberian base

Volga-Ural base

Timano-Pechersk base

1. Geographical position

Within the West Siberian Plain on the territory of the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai regions.

It is located in the eastern part of the European territory, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Perm, Orenburg, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions.

Located within Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region and partly in the adjacent territories

2.mining depth

2000-3000 m.

from 1600 to 3000 m,

800-3300 m

3.share in total production

70% of Russian oil.

23% of the country's oil production.

6% oil

5.oil quality

characterized by a high content of paraffin and sulfur, which leads to increased depreciation of the equipment.

characterized by a low sulfur content, and a high content of paraffin gasoline fractions, an increased amount of volatile substances.

6.Main deposits

Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy

Romashkinskoye, Orlovskoye, Yelabuga, Nurlatskoye; Arlanskoe, Kushkulskoe, Meneuzovskoe, Chetyrmanskoe; Mishkinskoe, Osinskoe.

Usinskoye, Verkhnegruetorskoye, Pamgnya, Yarega, Lower Omra, Vodeyskoye and others.

7.Transport directions

to the west and east

to the west

To the central part of Russia

8. Ecological economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

Aging of deposits.

Increase in the share of foreign capital attracted for the development of new deposits.

The low adaptability of Russian plants, with increased volumes of oil refining, which was previously transported to the plants of the republics, causes poor-quality processing and large losses of the product.

This region is the most promising. Various companies have already invested $80 billion in its oil industry with the goal of extracting 730 million tons of oil, which is twice the annual production of the Russian Federation.

Annex 1. What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for?

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, gasoline and diesel engines were invented. This led to the rapid development of oil production and methods of its processing.

Average elemental composition of oil

organic mass

98 %

Carbon

83%

Hydrogen

13%

oxygen, nitrogen

0,2- 0,3%

Sulfur

0,1-0,7%

Vanadium, nickel...

0,03%

Deposits of crude oil and gas arose 100-200 million years ago in the thickness of the Earth. The origin of oil is one of the hidden secrets of nature.

There are 2 theories of the origin of oil: the inorganic theory and the organic theory. Inorganic theory - oil is formed on the basis of metal carbides.

Oil contains complex hydrocarbons: sex hormones, cholesterol. Theory of organic origin: there was oil based on the smallest organisms when they died. As a result, based on the proteins and fats of these organisms, oil was obtained.

In most sedimentary basins, oil becomes lighter with increasing depth. Rocks in deep layers are characterized by high densities, while rocks close to the surface are characterized by low densities. The density determines the value of oil.

Oil is a light brown or black oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It is slightly lighter than water and practically does not dissolve in it. Since oil is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, it does not have a specific boiling point.

Appendix 2 The development of the oil industry in the Sokur territory and its significance.

The construction of the oil loading station began in 1958.

The construction of the Sokur filling station was completed in 1961.

Now there is an active development of the oil loading station. Taking oil from the West Siberian fields, the joint-stock company has the opportunity to transport it not only to the east, but also to the west to the European part of the country. And to the states of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Diagram of the oil industry in Sokur territory

Now about 38% of the entire able-bodied population of the village work at the oil industry enterprises in Sokur. The life and prosperity of our village directly depends on the pace of development of the oil industry in Russia.

Annex 3. How is oil refining done?

1. Preparation of oil for processing , oil is cleaned from chemical impurities, from water and sulfur.

3. Cracking . Gasoline yield up to 70% Splitting at a temperature not lower than 400-500 0 C, light products (gasoline) are formed. The cracking process consists in the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules with a long carbon chain into shorter ones under the influence of hight.

4. Pyrolysis. Decomposition at a temperature of 680-750 0 With and big pressure. Aromatic carbon (benzene) is obtained.

Oil cracking

Annex 4. Large oil pipelines in Russia

Formation of an oil base between the Volga and the Urals , greatly improving the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country, led to the emergence of a whole system of main oil pipelines:

2) to the south - Perm - Almetyevsk; Almetyevsk - Saratov; Ishimbay - Orsk.

3) to the east - Tuymazy - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk; Tuimazy - Omsk; Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk (oil products).

1) to the west - Ust - Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Kuibyshev; Kuibyshev - Lisichansk - Kremenchuk - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk;

2) to the south - Shaim - Tyumen; Ust - Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent;

3) to the east - Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

To transport oil to the west in addition, the pipelines of the Volga-Ural region of the eastern direction are used. From pipelines stand out: Guryev - Orsk; Mangyshlak - Samara; Ukhta - Yaroslavl (Timano - Pechersk oil and gas region ). In the Far East Ogsa - Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Sakhalin).

Abroad oil is also exported through pipelines (for example, "Friendship "). Export of oil today is 105-110 million tons, oil products - 35 million tons. A third of crude oil exports are to the CIS countries (for Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan together more than 90%).

The rest oil is sent to non-CIS countries, i.e. to Western Europe, where Germany, Italy, UK and Ireland together consume 60% of this volume.