Developer - a profession to develop. Who is a developer, what does it do and what is a development company? Developer right emphasis

For a long time, the Russian real estate market was just a developer's market, and just a few years ago, the "dinosaurs of the construction complex" often emphasized the "o" in the word "developer". Now the emphasis seems to have been sorted out - two-thirds of Moscow customers-developers and at least a third of organizations created for investment in real estate, refer to themselves as nothing more than development companies.

Laws and concepts

The word development (development) in its primary meaning is translated as development. If this term is extrapolated to the real estate market, then development is understood as any entrepreneurial activity associated with the reconstruction or modification of an existing building or land plot, leading to an increase in their value.

In other words, development means the development of real estate - carrying out construction, engineering and other operations on real estate, leading to qualitative changes in the land, buildings and structures.

In principle, development is not only the construction and reconstruction, but also the repair of a building or premises - in the event that it increases the sale price or rental rate. Such development is called renovation. That is, if you decided to sell your apartment at a higher price and started a European-style renovation, then by doing so you also somehow joined the development, having completed the renovation.

The essence of development as a process is the management of an investment project in the field of real estate and includes:

Choice of cost-effective project;
- obtaining all necessary permits for its implementation from the relevant authorities;
- determination of the conditions for attracting investments, development of a mechanism and forms of their return, if necessary;
- search and attraction of investors;
- selection of contractors, financing of their activities and control over their work;
- realization of the created real estate object or its transfer to the operation to the customer.

And developers are those who take all the risks. In Russian reality, they, if not all, then through one, are participants in the construction market. They register a plot of land for themselves (in ownership or on lease for the duration of construction), prepare the so-called initial permit and project documentation, raise funds for the construction of the facility, build and sell - in a finished or semi-finished state, in whole or in parts - depending from a specific situation.

Another term closely related to development is the project. Project management is the application of knowledge, experience, methods and tools to project activities to meet the requirements of the project and the expectations of the project participants. To meet these requirements and expectations, it is necessary to find the optimal combination between the goals, deadlines, costs, quality and other characteristics of the project.

In fact, the developer acts as a coordinator with the right to make decisions between all participants in the investment and construction process: investors, consultants, creditor banks, direct investment funds, designers, officials of the construction complex, contractors, suppliers and, of course, end users.

As for the legislation on development, it is at the level: everything that is not prohibited is allowed.

Take banks, for example. The law prohibits banks from engaging in development activities directly. According to the Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" dated December 2, 1990, the bank has the right to carry out exclusively banking operations. Accordingly, banks cannot directly invest in real estate, unless they acquire or build space for their own needs.

But the law does not prohibit having a share in construction structures and lending to development projects.

However, if you are going to play on a foreign field, you must be prepared to abide by the rules established here. That is, if a bank raises money on the market for a project initiated by it, it will also receive a loan as a developer, at a higher rate, and not at an interbank rate.

But the game, apparently, is worth the candle. With an average lending rate for legal entities at the level of 12-15%, the profitability in development is, according to experts, 25-30%.

How it all began

To date, almost all major market participants have acquired development structures within holdings and groups. The vast majority of these organizations are engaged in the search and analysis of investment projects - building sites. That is, their task is to find an object and invest oil, metal, chemical and gas money in the near lands of the Moscow region, commercial and other real estate in Moscow. But it was not always so. To understand the current state of affairs, it is worth looking back and looking at the suburban real estate market from the height of past years.

At the beginning of the existence of the land market, in 1995-2000, there were no truly large companies that would be engaged in the construction of country houses. As a rule, random realtors entered the market, who quickly realized that the plot could be sold for only 10-15% more than the purchase price.

It was difficult to "wind up" a large amount, since there were no people willing to overpay for empty land. And a completely different conversation began if you cut 72 acres into five or six sections, bring communications to them and build houses. Then the price of each site soared astronomically: the profit was at least 100%. This situation was due to the fact that buyers wanted to live "here and now", and not engage in the long construction of their future home.

Just like a theater begins with a hanger, the process of building a cottage settlement begins with the choice of a place, that is, with the search for a suitable piece of land. Choosing a site for the construction of a small village was, on the one hand, simple, and on the other, very difficult. Simply because then there was more free land, and it was relatively inexpensive. Problems arose with the summing up of communications, transport accessibility and infrastructure.

For this reason, developers were initially forced to develop mainly land near villages, regional centers and dacha associations. As a result, two types of sites were in the greatest demand among realtors.

The first included the personal plots of collective farmers, on which they were engaged in subsidiary farming. The advantage of such lands was their cheapness, and the disadvantage was the need to be transferred to the category of individual housing construction (IZHS).

The second type included plots in old-cottage settlements that belonged to the Soviet intelligentsia. Plots in such places were much more expensive, but they implied a favorable social environment, the ability to build without converting the land into individual housing construction, excellent views and often the proximity of water bodies.

In the late 1990s, in order to transfer the land to the category of individual housing construction, the first thing to do was to "make friends" with the head of the administration of the village, or better, the district. The price of "friendship" ranged from $500 to $3,000, depending on the number of planned houses. Then there were courtesy visits (costing from $100) to the land, environmental, fire and architectural committees. After such simple manipulations, the developer received a plot of land transferred to individual housing construction and an approved general construction plan.

Now the situation has changed somewhat. In particular, quotas have been introduced that limit the annual amount of land withdrawn from agricultural use, as a result of which prices have risen. According to experts, the average cost of transferring a land plot for housing construction is $700 - $1,000 per hundred square meters, depending on the area and whether the developer has administrative resources.

Experts note that after the transfer to individual housing construction, the cost of land increases by about 30%. Development of the concept of the village, analysis of the target audience and approval of the general plan add another 10-15% to this amount.

The cost of transferring a 10-hectare plot at a price of $1,000 is $1 million. For a prestigious site in New Riga, where the land initially cost $11 million, and after transferring it to IZHS it will rise in price to $14 million, the transfer price is not critical.

But it is not advisable to sell the land immediately after the transfer to individual housing construction. Many developers agree that the land should be sold only after the communications are laid, and the novice developer will have to pay at least for it first, and only then think about some kind of profit from his project.

The process of urbanization of a land plot was often implemented with a certain degree of complexity. Central communications, which are the norm for any modern settlement, were absent in the not so distant past. Developers, as a rule, drew electricity from the nearby regional center, dug artesian wells and installed pumping and sewer systems with compact installations for biological wastewater treatment.

Now, in addition to electricity, water supply, gas and sewerage are supplied to the villages. The estimated cost of summing up engineering communications is about $ 1.5-2.5 thousand per hundred square meters. Therefore, if we take an average of $2,000, then providing a 10-hectare settlement with central communications will cost $2 million. In this case, the cost of land will increase by about 20%.

In addition, the developer must remember that in addition to the usual planned issues, he will have to solve a number of secondary tasks that did not arise a few years ago. These include the search for winning species characteristics of cottages, the location of streets, the creation of artificial reservoirs, work with relief and landscape design, and so on.

Without all this, plots in many well-located cottage settlements cannot find their buyers for a long time.

At present, the status quo is such that any company and even an individual, having certain financial and organizational skills, can try himself as a developer: both a full cycle (with bringing the construction to the final result), and an incomplete one (sale of land on one of the intermediate steps).

Nowadays, being a developer is both easier and more difficult than in the old days. It's easier, because the current situation on the market is quite predictable and stable. It is more difficult because the price of an "entrance ticket" to the project has increased greatly compared to 1999: after all, the requirements for houses in cottage settlements have also increased.

And the greatest demand now is for really well-thought-out objects being built by conscientious development companies.

What is good for a Russian developer is good for a German one...

Currently, there are no more than a dozen foreign developers operating in Russia with several projects under their belt. For such a gigantic consumer market as our country is, this is a drop in the ocean. However, international companies still do not seek to conquer the Russian expanses. What hinders the active expansion of Western investors and developers?

According to experts, there are a number of factors holding back the interest of foreign developers. Firstly, the main pool of players has already formed on the market, and secondly, the Russian market is very specific. The process of obtaining permits in our country is still incomprehensible to foreign developers. In addition, in large cities of Russia there is a physical shortage of space. Sometimes there is simply nowhere to build.

In addition, foreign developers are faced with the fact that in Russia there are now practically no ready-made assets for sale, and therefore they have to look for a Russian partner who has land and knowledge of the Russian market in the pre-development stage. “Foreigners know how to build on their own, but they cannot cope with administrative barriers, however, like many domestic developers. As a result, a Western player, having come to our market, cannot actually start the project on its own,” experts say.

Here is an example of a classical development organization in Russia, which requires three elements for its implementation: an experienced developer, a serious financial structure and a professional general contractor. It doesn't matter from which side the formation of the development trio begins, from the side of the developer or from the side of the general contractor. In this case, the initiator was the Austrian company Strabag, the general contractor for many projects in Moscow.

The company decided to take a more serious part in the "development boom" and immediately confirm the seriousness of its intentions: the management of the Russian division of Strabag managed to conclude an agreement with one of the largest credit banks in the world, the German Deutsche Bank, to create a joint venture to invest in Russian real estate.

Strabag and Deutsche Bank, in their cooperation, have created a good basis for attracting financing for new projects, which means they have been able to manage a large number of development projects in the future. In addition, both companies are based on German business standards, which cannot but contribute to their mutual understanding. Such cooperation is also beneficial in that it makes it possible to actively finance construction projects in the regions, removing construction risks.

However, only two components of a successful development business were presented in this joint venture: finances and construction capacities. The most important thing was missing - the developer himself, who had knowledge of Russian business realities and experience in the urban land market.

But soon there was a third component. At the very end of April, it became known that Rasperia Trading, controlled by the owner of Basic Element Oleg Deripaska, agreed to acquire approximately 30% of the shares of the parent company Strabag, owned until recently by the Hazelsteiner family (50% + 1 share) and the Raiffeisen Group .

The prospects for such a trio are very high: Strabag is a professional in construction, Deutsche Bank is a serious financial partner, and Oleg Deripaska is the owner of a land portfolio and an administrative resource.

Developers in Western Europe are actively developing "neighboring" markets. Of course, in each local market, local developers are not too happy about the arrival of the "Varangians" for the simple reason that a company with significant resources and technologies is a very serious competitor. In a number of Eastern European countries, they turned out to be unprepared for the arrival of foreign developers and practically lost their positions. But compared to Russia, the situation in Eastern and Western Europe is much more comfortable for developers, if only because the market there is more predictable and legal procedures are more transparent.

However, the number of foreign developers in all markets is less than it could be, since real estate is a very "local" business, and for any company to be successful, it must study it in detail.

To compete, an incoming developer must have a successful history, which is difficult and expensive given the fact that local developers have the advantage of being already in the market. In other words, the activities of a foreign developer in a foreign market should be structured in such a way that the market gets used to it and, over time, perceives it as a "local" and not a foreign player.

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Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i´ts: a], numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Recently, in the business press or on television, questions have often arisen regarding the construction of office or residential space, and teminology is often used in these discussions. "developer", as well as "development activity".

When a person says that he is engaged in real estate development, many people often have no idea what this means. Some people think that this person is a realtor or real estate agent, others represent an architect or developer.

Indeed, many people who are not familiar with the peculiarities and specifics of the construction business would like to understand what a developer is, what developers do, and also would like to learn more about the internal organization of development companies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the question of who are developers, give an interpretation of this concept, as well as give examples of developers and clarify the question of what it means to be a real estate developer.

And for starters, you need to start with the initial provisions, and then explain the details of this business.

What is a developer

Development(from English to develop, translated as “manage, develop”) or development activity is a type of entrepreneurial activity related to construction, as well as changing (reconstruction, restoration, etc.) of existing buildings, structures and structures of a capital nature, or land plots and resulting in an increase in their market value.

Accordingly, the question of what a developer is in simple words can be answered as follows:

Developer is a company or person that buys and develops houses, buildings and land for the purpose of selling and making a profit from them. The developer manages an investment project, in the implementation of which he is interested in minimizing risks and maximizing profitability.

Real estate developers are actually entrepreneurs who create a new building. They go out and buy the land, put a team in place (architect, engineer, etc.), get the necessary building permits (with the help of their employees, of course), fund the deal, and then hire the builders to actually create and bring the project to life. .

What are developers doing?

Real estate development can be seen as the engine that drives growth in the real estate industry. Real estate developers purchase properties on which they plan to develop their real estate projects, whether commercial or residential.

These two broad categories cover everything from retail, office and industrial development to detached and multi-family homes. The options are as endless as your imagination, but your experience and education will help you grow and succeed in this sometimes volatile and always challenging industry.

Implementation of an investment project by a developer

The process of implementing an investment project in development activities includes several stages.

1. At the first stage, the selection of land plots for construction is carried out, a detailed business plan is prepared, as well as a feasibility study of the profitability of the project. At this stage, a rigorous analysis of the market and an assessment of the expected financial results from the implementation of the project are carried out.

2. At the 2nd stage, the developer receives all the necessary permits and approvals for construction or coordinates all the terms of the lease agreement. All of these actions are carried out before the start of the project implementation process.

3. At the next stage, the object of the investment project is directly acquired. The source of financing for the acquisition can be both equity and debt capital. As a rule, developers try to shorten the construction period to reduce their costs.

4. Next, the developer needs to start organizing design and construction work. For which other organizations may be involved, the largest development companies have their own divisions for these works. To minimize the risks at this stage, the developer must constantly monitor the progress of work.

5. At the last stage of the investment project, the developer sells the finished property. In some cases, the development company reserves the right of ownership of the object and leases the space. In this case, object management does not end at this stage.

Developers are like orchestra conductors. They don't play any instruments, they just direct the performance.

But at the same time, developers take on 100% of the responsibility and risks of the project. If the building is unprofitable and does not pay off (because you cannot sell apartments or rent office space), it all falls on the developer (and his investors). All other team members are paid based on the services they actually performed.

This difference is what can make building a property so lucrative, but without risk, there is no profit. This is what distinguishes builders (developers) from developers. Many are repelled by these possible risks. But as a rule, more profit can be obtained precisely as a developer.

But it is also necessary to understand that developers end up paying more attention to the already built environment. This is the sad reality of this industry. While architects spend a lot more time than the average developer thinking about how to make buildings and cities great, they probably don't have much in common. Because if they thought about it, we probably wouldn't have so many terrible buildings in our cities. However, this is so because architects do not take this risk.

The most famous developer

The most famous developer in the world is considered to be the American billionaire, now US President Donald Trump. He has managed to create many stunning properties, including skyscrapers.

An example of a world-famous project is Trupm Tower, which is located in one of the prestigious areas of New York - 5th Avenue. The height of the skyscraper is 202 meters, and the estimated cost is about 318 million dollars.

Development activity can bring enormous profits, but it, in turn, is associated with high risks. To be a successful developer, you must be able to recognize potential opportunities and anticipate truly profitable investments.

The list of borrowed words included in the modern Russian language is constantly expanding. Many people ask themselves: “What is a developer?”. The English verb "to develop" means "to develop, develop".

A developer is a specialist who develops, promotes and further sells real estate objects, going through the entire process of implementing a project from the very beginning.

The main goal of such activity is to get the maximum profit from the transaction.

Emergence of developers in Russia

In Russia, development began to emerge from the beginning of the 21st century, when the construction market after the crisis began to develop at an accelerated pace. But in those years, not a single company could offer quality services. Later, the market shifted from the number of buildings to their quality and, accordingly, the high cost of selling or renting.

Already by 2005, a separate business area appeared - development, which controls the entire development cycle, and now it has an unprecedented demand for its services.

A real developer is a professional in all areas related to real estate.

Developer functions

The scope of the developer is quite wide and its functions are based on knowledge in various areas:

1. Evaluation of a potential deal. It is important to conduct a competent analysis of the location of the site where the future construction site will be located, its commercial opportunities. Research the market and the availability of all offers for the most efficient use of the planned facility. To resolve the issue of the probable purchase of land and further support of the operation.
2. Design and calculation of investments. Prepare the necessary engineering and technical documentation, obtain a building permit.
3. Attracting investors. Calculate the financial liquidity of the project, the amount of necessary cash investments for its implementation. Investors need to prove economic attractiveness and minimal risk of loss.
4. Reasonable distribution of finances. The developer is required to avoid possible losses and competently monitor the implementation of the entire process.
5. Settlement of emerging issues with state and municipal authorities.
6. Conducting construction until the complete commissioning of the facility. Supervise all ongoing work, accounting and consumption of materials, try to minimize investments, but increase the cost of the building itself. Find the golden mean in this.
7. Management of all available resources - people, finances, materials.
8. Getting the maximum profit from the sale.

The developer also conducts marketing research and uses advertising moves that will ensure the main success of the transaction.

Development is the process by which an entrepreneur transforms or creates a property to increase its commercial value.

Differences between a developer and a builder

In European countries, the term "developer" is not used to. Developers are involved in the real estate sector.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the developer is a legal entity that owns a piece of land and attracts finance in order to build any real estate on this site on the basis of an official building permit.

The functionality of the developer does not imply such a diverse number of tasks to be solved and the broadest activities.

Development types

Depending on the financial management, there are:

• development on a fee - the entrepreneur receives a fee in the form of a percentage of the total cost of construction, without taking financial risks;
• speculative development - in addition to all the tasks performed, he himself is the main investor, the riskiness of such projects is covered by increasing income;
• construction for a specific purpose, which is not profit.

The latter type is not always distinguished.

Also, this area can be divided, depending on the type of property:

• residential development;
• country;
• commercial;
• land plots.

Development company its structure

Any real estate today is a profitable way to invest, especially housing. In order to increase the value of the object, conventional construction is not enough. Development companies arise as a response to modern market requirements, meeting the requirements of society.

A company can be based on either one legal entity or a group of individuals engaged in investment and development activities. The scheme may vary depending on the chosen direction of work.

Typical structures include:

1. Production group - management of construction, commerce, sales.
2. Administrative and management group - legal and financial departments, accounting, personnel department.
3. Technical and administrative and economic group.

The high-quality interaction of all links in this chain ensures professionalism and high demand for the work of the company.

The difference between European and domestic development

The main difference is that Western development is based on the scheme of the need to create a real estate object, based on marketing research. In our country, the project is being developed for a specific land plot available.

There are still few development companies in Russia that can compete with foreign ones, but this concept is gaining more and more popularity due to the growing urban development and the Europeanization of modern society.

On the development video

The role of developers is becoming ever more tangible. They can organize dramatic changes, such as building a building on an empty lot from scratch, or less noticeable, but necessarily increasing the potential of the property. Transformations are carried out in different ways.

Developers are entrepreneurs and specialists of a wide range: in jurisprudence, finance and construction. Consequently, there are few of them and the cost of their services is quite high.

At the end of the nineties, the real estate market was replenished with a new word developer. Only a narrow circle of people understood its essence. Even now, not many people know who such a developer is. These specialists are directly involved in the development and construction of real estate at all stages.

What is it in simple words

The word developer is derived from the verb "to develop". It translates as how to develop. Developers are engaged in the development of non-residential areas, building objects on them. There is another translation of this word, as a programmer or developer. But, in Russian, this concept is used very rarely.

A developer is a person who develops an object. Objects usually mean structures, buildings, or land on which the developer develops or builds.

A developer can be an individual or management companies that are directly involved in the construction, repair and reconstruction of facilities. The development company also manages cash flows in the construction project.

In Russia, the developer is closely connected with the builder. The difference lies in the fact that the developer is the owner of the land, and the developer is engaged in direct work. Sometimes developers become developers.

To build a developer business, you need to have skills in the field of construction project management. In our country, this direction is very promising, as there is a minimum of competition.

Features of the profession

• Designation of the commercial potential of the land area and its purchase.
• Market analysis for the most efficient use of the facility.
• Drawing up an initial plan for the future object.
• Building concept development.
• Issuance of a building permit.
• Control of the overall construction process.
• Conducting certain research.
• Leasing of built real estate.
• Sale of the finished object.

In addition, the developer deals with the financial issues of the construction area. This is a kind of organizer who is looking for investors, considers possible risks and costs. He also deals with the issues of obtaining loans in banks. The developer does not always have personal savings, so he uses borrowed funds.

The developer is considered to be responsible for coordinating the project in various authorities and organizations. In fact, this person is involved in all stages of construction: starting with documentation and ending with the sale.

Important qualities of a developer

The developer must have the following basic qualities:

• resistance to stress;
• purposefulness;
• analytic mind;
• organizational skills.

In addition, the developer needs skills in the field of organizational activities. The ability to find an approach is also not the last quality for a person in this profession.

Leadership qualities will also help the developer to assemble a team of good specialists and properly organize the entire construction process. Life experience will help select a good professional:

• architect;
• lawyer
• broker
• marketing specialist;
• etc.

To run a successful business in this area, you need the ability to firmly assess the state of the real estate market, as well as analyze current trends.

A specialist in this field must be able to make timely decisions on the reorganization of an object in order to make a big profit, as well as competently organize the entire construction process. Therefore, the developer must be well versed in engineering and construction theory, as well as have relevant practice. The developer must have one of the higher educations:

• legal;
• economic;
• technical.

In addition, such a person must have knowledge of real estate objects, the field of architecture, as well as the execution of transactions.

Functional responsibilities

What the developer does can be determined from the functions:

• design;
• business plan development;
• purchase or lease of land;
• organization and control of construction;
• organization of an advertising company;
• sale or lease of a constructed object for the purpose of making a profit.

The developer can act as an investor himself or attract investments from outside.

When choosing the second option, he receives a certain amount of royalties for his work.

To better perform the work, the developer creates a team of professionals.

Advantages and disadvantages

A good developer should be well versed in the following areas:

• financial;
• legal;
• engineering;
• construction.

Given this multi-profile profession, we can say that there are very few such specialists in the construction market. Accordingly, there is practically no competition here.

The profession of a developer has the main advantages:

• high profitability;
• lack of competition;
• demand.

The disadvantages include the bad trends of recent years. they are connected with the crisis in the construction market. Also, the disadvantages include everyday stressful situations due to difficulties in work. Only at the beginning of the project it is necessary to collect several hundred signatures from various authorities. The lack of practical experience of the developer can lead to large monetary losses that exceed the earnings of this specialist.

Development is an entrepreneurial activity associated with the creation and development of a construction site. This is a relatively new name in the real estate market.

Video: D development in detail